Romania
Senate
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Political system
Political systems: Presidential, Parliamentary, Presidential-Parliamentary, Monarchy, Communist, Transitional.
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Presidential-Parliamentary
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Structure of parliament
Structure of parliament: Unicameral, bicameral
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Bicameral
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IPU membership
Current membership status
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Yes
Law-making
Data on parliament’s law-making role and activities
Legislative activity
- Number of laws adopted by parliament, per year
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385(2022)
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Total number of laws adopted by Parliament in the previous legislature
“Legislature” refers to the full period between the first session of a new legislature until it’s dissolution.
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1,474(2024-12)
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Number of laws adopted in the previous legislature that were initiated by parliament
In some cases other entities have the right to initiate legislation in national parliaments – such as citizens, autonomous regions, and other high-level government institutions.
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481(2024-12)
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Number of laws adopted in the previous legislature that were initiated by the government
In some cases other entities have the right to initiate legislation in national parliaments – such as citizens, autonomous regions, and other high-level government institutions.
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993(2024-12)
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Percentage of laws initiated by parliament in the previous legislature
The percentage is calculated by dividing the number of the laws adopted that were initiated by parliament by the total number of laws adopted in the previous legislature.
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33%(2024-12)
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Dates of the previous legislature
Refers to the full period between the first session of a new legislature until it’s dissolution
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21 Dec 2020 to 20 Dec 2024(2024-12)
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Outcome when the two chambers cannot agree on a piece of draft legislation
For bicameral parliaments: Outcome when the two chambers cannot agree on a piece of draft legislationNot applicable; The legislation cannot be adopted unless both chambers agree; The decision of the lower chamber will take effect after a certain deadline; The decision of the upper chamber will take effect after a certain deadline; Other (please specify) For bicameral parliaments: Outcome when the two chambers cannot agree on a piece of draft legislation
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Other
Notes:
If a bill or legislative proposal is adopted by the two Chambers in different forms, the decisional Chamber (either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies, depending on the nature of the bill or legislative proposal) will take the final decision.
It is not necessary to have the consensus of the two chambers, except in the case of Constitutional laws. If consensus cannot be reached a mediation commission is formed and reports on the texts in disagreement. If disagreement persists after the mediation procedure, the joint Plenary of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate shall take a final decision on texts with at least a three-quarters majority of Deputies and Senators.
The equal decision-making, mediation, and divergence procedure are applicable to all legislative initiatives submitted prior to the 2003 Constitutional review which have not yet completed their legislative procedure.
Sources: Constitution, art. 75, 151(2) and 155(1)
Executive-legislative relations
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Legislation adopted by parliament requires the assent of the Head of State
In some countries, the Constitution foresees that legislation adopted by parliament must be signed into law by the Head of State. If so, the Head of State may, for example, have the power to veto the legislation, return it to parliament, or submit it to another body such as a constitutional court.
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Yes
Sources:
Constitution, art. 77(1)
1. A law shall be submitted for promulgation to the President of Romania. Promulgation shall be given within twenty days after receipt of that law.
2. Before promulgation, the President of Romania may return the law to Parliament for reconsideration, and he may do so only once.
3. In case the President has requested that law be reconsidered or a review has been asked for as to its conformity with the Constitution, promulgation shall be made within ten days from receiving the law passed after its reconsideration, or the decision of the Constitutional Court confirming its constitutionality.
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Number of times the Head of State declined to give assent to legislation, per year
In some countries, the Constitution foresees that legislation adopted by parliament must be signed into law by the Head of State. If so, the Head of State may, for example, have the power to veto the legislation, return it to parliament, or submit it to another body such as a constitutional court.
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26(2022)
Notes:
In the Romanian legal system, the President of Romania can only once request a re-examination of a law, which is returned to the Parliament that is to rule on the issues criticized. The President of Romania cannot request a second re-examination or refuse to promulgate a law. Instead, the President may also request the verification of the constitutionality of the law by the Romanian Constitutional Court.
Figures refer to a combination of requests for re-examination and referrals to the Constitutional Court (e.g. 2023: 17 re-examinations, 36 referrals; 2022: 14 re-examinations; 12 referrals).
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Consequences when the Head of State declines to give assent to legislation
Consequences when the Head of State declines to give assent to legislation: Not applicable; No further action is taken. The legislation is rejected; The legislation is returned to Parliament for re-examination; The legislation is referred to the Constitutional/Supreme Court;The legislation is put to a referendum; Other (please specify)
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The legislation is returned to Parliament for re-examinationThe legislation is referred to the Constitutional/Supreme Court
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Final decision when parliament and the Head of State do not agree
Final decision when parliament and the Head of State do not agree: Not applicable; Parliament; Head of State; Constitutional/Supreme Court; Other (please specify)
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Parliament
Notes:
The President of Romania may ask the Parliament to re-examine a law once, and is then obliged to promulgate the form re-examined by the Parliament.
Or the President can submit a complaint to the Constitutional Court on the re-examined law on its possible unconstitutionality, if parliamentary procedure was flawed.
Sources: Constitution, art. 77
Existence of a procedure to introduce emergency legislation
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There is a procedure for introducing emergency legislation into parliament
In some countries, the Constitution may allow the government to submit emergency legislation to parliament. The provision may, for example, allow the government to set a deadline for parliament to debate a particular bill. The procedure may also be referred to differently depending on the parliament, for e.g., urgent proceedings. In general, this is a formalized procedure that involves speeding up the passage of legislation by circumventing normal processes.
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Yes
- Number of times the procedure for emergency legislation was used, per year
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183
Sources: Parliament is the only legislative authority in the country. The Constitution also provides the Government with the power to adopt emergency ordinances in urgent cases, which enter into force after publication in the Official Gazette of Romania (“Monitorul Oficial al României”) and after its transmission to Parliament for debate and adoption. The Parliament may reject an emergency ordinance adopted by the Government, but may also adopt it in the form issued by the Government or with amendments. As an extraordinary procedure, the Government can assume responsibility for a bill. This procedure turns a bill into law without being debated and adopted by Parliament. But the essential condition for this is that Parliament does not adopt a motion of censure in response to the assumption, a situation in which the effect is that the bill does not become law and, at the same time, the Government is dismissed.